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Appendix C. Hard Disk Wiping methods

Information removed from a hard disk drive by non-secure means (for example, by

simple Windows delete) can easily be recovered. Utilizing specialized equipment, it

is possible to recover even repeatedly overwritten information. Therefore,

guaranteed data wiping is more important now than ever before.

The guaranteed wiping of information from magnetic media (e.g. a hard disk drive)

means it is impossible to recover data by even a qualified specialist with the help of

all known tools and recovery methods.

This problem can be explained in the following way: Data is stored on a hard disk as

a binary sequence of 1 and 0 (ones and zeros), represented by differently

magnetized parts of a disk.

Generally speaking, a 1 written to a hard disk is read as 1 by its controller, and 0 is

read as 0. However, if you write 1 over 0, the result is conditionally 0.95 and vice

versa – if 1 is written over 1 the result is 1.05. These differences are irrelevant for

the controller. However, using special equipment, one can easily read the

«underlying» sequence of 1 and 0.

It only requires specialized software and inexpensive hardware to read data

«deleted» this way by analyzing magnetization of hard disk sectors, residual

magnetization of track sides and/or by using current magnetic microscopes.

Writing to magnetic media leads to subtle effects summarized as follows: every

track of a disk stores an image of every record ever written to it, but the effect of

such records (magnetic layer) becomes more subtle as time passes.

C.1 Information wiping methods’ functioning principles

Physically, the complete wiping of information from a hard disk involves the

switching of every elementary magnetic area of the recording material as many

times as possible by writing specially selected sequences of logical 1 and 0 (also

known as samples).

Using logical data encoding methods in current hard disks, you can select samples

of symbol (or elementary data bit) sequences to be written to sectors in order to

repeatedly and effectively wipe confidential information.

Methods offered by national standards provide (single or triple) recording of random

symbols to disk sectors that are straightforward and arbitrary decisions, in general,

but still acceptable in simple situations. The most effective information-wiping

method is based on deep analysis of subtle features of recording data to all types of

hard disks. This knowledge speaks to the necessity of complex multipass methods

to guarantee information wiping.

The detailed theory of guaranteed information wiping is described in an article by

Peter Gutmann. Please see:

http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/secure_del.html

C.2 Information wiping methods used by Acronis

The table below briefly describes information wiping methods used by Acronis. Each

description features the number of hard disk sector passes along with the

number(s) written to each sector byte.

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