know that wha t they have is not the original, so tha t any problems introduced
by others will not reflect on the original authors’ reputations.
Finally , any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We
wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a fr ee program will individually
obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. T o prevent
this, we ha ve made it clear that an y patent must be lic ensed for everyone ’ s free
use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
follow .
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR C OPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICA TION
0. T his License applies to any progr am or other work which contains a notice
placed by the copyright holder sa ying it ma y be distributed under the terms of
this G eneral Public License. The “P rogram ” , below, refers to any such program
or work, and a “work based on the Program ” means either the Progr am or
any derivative work under copyright law : that is to say , a work c ontaining
the Program or a por tion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or
translated into another language. (Hereinafter , translation is included without
limitation in the term “modification ” .) Each licensee is addressed as “you ” .
Activities other than copying, distribution and mo dification are not covered
by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is
not restricted, and the output from the P rogram is co vered only if its contents
constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made
by running the Program). Whether that is true dep ends on what the Program
does.
1. Y ou may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Progr am’ s source
code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and
disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and
to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program
a copy of this License along with the P rogram.
Y ou may charge a fee for the physical ac t of transferring a copy , and you may
at your option offer warr anty protection in exchange for a f ee.
2. Y ou may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it,
thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such
modifications or work under the terms of Sec tion 1 above, provided that you
also meet all of these conditions:
a) Y ou must cause the modified files to carr y prominent notices stating that
you changed the files and the date of an y change.
b) Y ou must c ause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in
part contains or is deriv ed from the P rogram or an y part thereof , t o be licensed
as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
c) I f the modified program normally reads c ommands interactively when run,
you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most
ordinary way , to print or display an announcement including an appropriate
copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that
you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License.
(Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such
an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print
an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable
sections of tha t work are not derived from the Program, and can be r easonably
considered independent and separate works in themselves , then this License,
and its terms, do not apply to those sec tions when you distr ibute them as
separate works . But when y ou distribute the same sections as part of a whole
which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be
on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees ex tend to
the entire whole, and thus to each and every par t regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to
work written entirely b y you; rather , the intent is t o exercise the righ t to control
the distribution of derivative or collective w orks based on the Program.
In addition, mer e aggregation of another work not based on the Program with
the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage
or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this
License.
3. Y ou may copy and distr ibute the Program (or a work based on it, under
Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of S ections 1
and 2 above pro vided that you also do one of the follo wing:
a) A ccompan y it with the complet e corresponding machine-readable sour ce
code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 abov e on
a medium customarily used for software interchange; or ,
b) Accompany it with a written offer , valid for at least three years, to give
any third part y , for a charge no more than your cost of physically per forming
source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding
source code , t o be
distributed under the terms of Sec tions 1 and 2 abo ve on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or ,
c) A ccompany it with the inf ormation you received as to the offer to
distribute corresponding source code. ( This alternative is allowed only for
noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in objec t
code or e xecutable f orm with such an offer , in accord with Subsection b
above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making
modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means
all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface
definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of
the executable. However , as a special exception, the source code distributed
need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or
binary form) with the major components (compiler , kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself
accompanies the executable .
If distribution of ex ecutable or object code is made by off ering access to copy
from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source
code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even
though third par ties are not compelled to copy the source along with the
object code.
4. Y ou may not copy , modify , sublicense, or distribute the Program except as
expressly provided under this License . Any att empt otherwise to copy , modify ,
sublicense or distribute the Program is void , and will automatically terminate
your rights under this License.
However , parties who have received copies, or rights , from you under this
License will not have their lic enses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. Y ou are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed
it. However , nothing else grants you permission to modify or distr ibute the
Program or its deriva tive works. These actions are prohibited by la w if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distr ibuting the Program
(or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this
License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or
modifying the Program or w orks based on it.
6. E ach time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program),
the recipient automa tically receives a license from the original licensor t o
copy , distribute or modify the Pr ogram subject to these terms and c onditions.
Y ou may not impose any fur ther restric tions on the recipients’ exercise of the
rights granted herein. Y ou are not responsible for enforcing compliance by
third parties to this License.
7. If , as a consequence of a court judgment or allega tion of pat ent infringement
or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed
on you (whether by c ourt order , agreement or other wise) that contradict
the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions
of this License. I f you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your
obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as
a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a
patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Progr am by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only
way you c ould satisfy both it and this Lic ense would be to r efrain entirely fr om
distribution of the Program.
If any por tion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any
particular circumstance, the balance of the sec tion is intended to apply and
the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infr inge any patents
or other proper ty right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this
section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software
distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many
people ha ve made generous contributions t o the wide r ange of software
distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of
that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to
distribute sof tware through any other system and a licensee cannot impose
that choice.
This section is intended to mak e thoroughly clear what is believed to be a
consequence of the rest of this License .
8. I f the distribution and/or use of the P rogram is restricted in cer tain countries
either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder
who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical
distribution limita tion e x cluding those countries, so that distribution is
permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this Lic ense.
9. The Free Sof tware Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will b e
similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
problems or concerns.
Each version is giv en a distinguishing v ersion number . If the P rogram specifies
a version number of this Lic ense which applies to it and “ an y lat er version ” , you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or
of any la ter version published by the F ree Software F oundation. If the Program
does not specify a v ersion number of this License, y ou may choose any version
ever published by the F ree Software F oundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate par ts of the Program into other free programs
whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author t o ask
for permission. For sof tware which is copyrighted by the Free Software
Founda tion, write to the Free Software Founda tion; we sometimes make
exceptions for this . Our decision will be guided b y the two goals of preserving
the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the
sharing and reuse of software generally .
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